Index

• 1483-1517

  • 1484 Birth of Georg Spalatinus (1484-1545)

    Birth of Georg Spalatinus (1484-1545), secretary of the Elector and one of Martin Luther's best friends.

  • 1484 Birth of Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531)

    Huldrych Zwingli (Wildhaus 1.1.1484 - Kappel 11.10.1531). Swiss reformer, worked in Zurich.

  • 1485 Birth of Johannes Bugenhagen (1485-1558)

    Johannes Bugenhagen (1485-1558), Martin Luther's confessor and preacher.

  • 1486 Birth of Johann Eck (1486-1543)

    Johann Eck (1486-1543), Catholic theologian, opponent of Luther.

  • 1489 Birth of Guillaume Farel (1489-1565)

    Guillaume Farel (1489-1565), preacher at Geneva and friend of Calvin.

  • 1491 Birth of Martin Bucer (1491-1551)

    Martin Bucer (1491-1551), reformer of Strasbourg.

  • 1491 Birth of Ignatius de Loyola (1491-1556)

    Ignatius de Loyola (1491-1556), founder of the order of the Jesuits.

  • 1491 Birth of Henry VIII (1491-1547)

    Henry VIII (1491-1547), king of England during the early English Renaissance and Reformation (1509-1547). Founder of the Anglican Church.

  • 1492 The Edict of Expulsion (The Alhambra Decree)

    The Catholic King Ferdinand II of Spain commands all Jews to leave Spain.

  • 1492 Christopher Columbus discovers America

    America was discovered on October 12, 1492 by Christopher Columbus.

  • 1493 Birth of Justus Jonas (1493-1555)

    Justus Jonas (1493-1555), German Reformer.

  • 1494 Probable birth of Lucas van Leyden (ca. 1494-1533)

    Lucas van Leyden (ca. 1494-1533), painter and creator of bible prints.

  • 1496 Birth of Menno Simons (1496-1561)

    Menno Simons (1496-1561), Dutch reformer. Leader of the Anabaptist movement in the Netherlands.

  • 1496 Martin Luther in Magdeburg

    In Magdeburg, Luther goes to the Latin school of the Brothers of the Common Life.

  • 1497 Martin Luther goes to Eisenach

    In Eisenach, Martin Luther goes to St. George's school.

  • 1497 Birth of Philippus Melanchthon (1497-1560)

    Philipp Melanchthon (Bretten 1497- Wittenberg 1560), humanist and Reformer, colleague of Martin Luther at Wittenberg.

  • 1498 Birth of Andreas Osiander (1498-1552)

    Andreas Osiander (1498-1552), Lutheran theologian.

  • 1499 Birth of Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499-1562)

    Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499-1562), Italian reformer.

  • 1499 Birth of Johannes a Lasco (1499-1560)

    Johannes a Lasco (1499-1560), Polish nobleman and theologian of great significance for the Reformation.

  • 1499 Birth of Katharina von Bora (1499-1552)

    Katharina von Bora (1499-1552), former nun, married Martin Luther in 1525.

  • 1500 Birth of Charles V (1500-1558)

    Charles V (1500-1558) Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire; he wages almost constant war against King Francis I of France.

  • 1501 Martin Luther at Erfurt

    At the university of Erfurt Martin Luther studies the seven liberal arts (liberales artes).

  • 1504 Birth of Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575)

    Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575), Swiss reformer, will later have great influence in the Netherlands with his Huysboeck, or Family Manual.

  • 1505 Martin Luther becomes a monk

    On July 2, Luther was attacked by a violent storm at Stotternheim, afterwards he decides to become a monk.

  • 1505 New Testament in Latin

    Desiderius Erasmus (ca. 1466-1536) new Latin translation of the New Testament appears.

  • 1507 Martin Luther becomes a priest

    Martin Luther becomes a priest, will study theology at Erfurt.

  • 1508 Transfer of Martin Luther to Wittenberg

    Martin Luther is transferred to Wittenberg, where he will lecture in moral philosophy, also goes on to study theology.

  • 1509 Erasmus In Praise of Folly appears

    Erasmus In Praise of Folly appears.

  • 1509 Birth of John Calvin (1509-1564)

    John Calvin (1509-1564), reformer in Geneva, born at Noyon, in the Picardy region of northern France.

  • 1510 Luther travels to Rome

    From 1510-1511 Luther visits the holy places in Rome.

  • 1510 Birth of Albertus Rizaeus Hardenberg (1510-1574)

    Albertus Rizaeus Hardenberg (1510-1574), preacher who dedicated himself to spreading the Reformation in places such as Leuven and Emden, friend of Johannes A Lasco.

  • 1510 Birth of Immanuel Tremellius (1510-1580)

    Immanuel Tremellius (1510-1580), a Jew from Ferrara who becomes a Christian. He translates, together with Franciscus Junius (1542-1602), the Old Testament into Latin, which becomes a standard work in the 16th and 17th century.

  • 1511 150th year after the death of Johannes Tauler (ca. 1300

    Johannes Tauler (ca. 1300-1361), was a Dominican monk greatly appreciated by Luther.

  • 1512 The Fifth Lateran Council

    The Fifth Lateran Council is inaugurated by Pope Julius II, lasting from 1512-1517. The supporters of church reform are not heard.

  • 1512 Martin Luther awarded a doctorate

    Martin Luther awarded a doctorate in theology at Wittenberg. He becomes a professor and later will preach in the city church.

  • 1514 Renewal of the jubilee indulgence 1506

    Renewal of the jubilee indulgence in 1506 for the construction of St. Peter's basilica in Rome by Pope Leo X; this will become the primary political objection in Germany: Should we pay for an Italian luxury?

  • 1515 Birth of Theresa of Avila (1515-1582)

    Theresa of Avila (1515-1582), a mystic accounted among Catholic saints.

  • 1515 Luther's lectures on the epistle to the Romans

    (until 1516) Luther's lectures on the epistle to the Romans. By reading the epistle to the Romans, Luther previously discovered that the the righteous live through faith alone and through the grace of God alone.

  • 1516 Birth of Hieronymus Zanchius (1516-1590)

    Hieronymus Zanchius (1516-1590) is an Italian reformer.

  • 1516 Erasmus publishes a Greek text of the New Testament.

    Erasmus publishes the Novum Instrumentum, a Greek text and a new Latin translation of the New Testament, complete with detailed introductions and notes.

  • 1517 Reformers in 1517

    Interestingly, many reformers were among the younger generation. In 1517, Martin Luther is 34, Huldrych Zwingli 33, Martin Bucer 26, and Philipp Melanchthon 20.

  • 1517 Beginning of the Reformation

    Martin Luther nails his 95 theses against the abuses in the church, such as indulgences, on the door of the castle church at Wittenberg.

• 1517-1544

  • 1518 The writings of Martin Luther reach Antwerp

    Antwerp is a major commercial city in the 16th century. The many merchants who come there quickly stock the writings of Martin Luther.

  • 1518 Diet of Augsburg

    Diet of Augsburg, Martin Luther is interrogated.

  • 1518 Philipp Melanchthon comes to Wittenberg

    Philipp Melanchthon comes to Wittenberg, he becomes professor of Greek.

  • 1518 Heidelberg Disputation

    Heidelberg disputation: Martin Luther sets forth his differing views on free will in public at Heidelberg.

  • 1519 Luther's work condemned

    The University of Leuven (Southern Netherlands) condemns Luther's first work.

  • 1519 Charles V becomes emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

    Charles V (1500-1558) becomes emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He wages almost constant war against King Francis I of France.

  • 1519 Luther's dispute with Johannes Eck in Leipzig

    Johannes Eck, professor at Ingolstadt, is a major opponent of Luther. The topics of the dispute included the primacy of the pope, the inviolability of councils, and the authority of holy Scripture.

  • 1519 Death of Leonardo da Vinci (ca. 1452-1519)

    Leonardo da Vinci (ca. 1452-1519) was a famous artist, inventor, philosopher, and so forth of the Renaissance.

  • 1519 Birth of Theodore Beza (1519-1605)

    Theodore Beza (1519-1605), reformer, friend, and later the successor of John Calvin; he versified many Psalms in French for a psalter.

  • 1519 Death of Johann Tetzel (1465-1519)

    Johann Tetzel (1465-1519), was a preacher of indulgences.

  • 1519 Erasmus publishes a second edition of the New Testament

    Erasmus publishes a second edition of the New Testament: including the source text and translation; this was the version used by Luther in his translation of the Nieuwe Testament into German.

  • 1520 Three of Luther's writings appear in print

    Three programmatic writings of Martin Luther appear: On the Christian Nobility; On the Babylonian captivity of the Church; The freedom of the Christian.

  • 1520 Papal Bull Exsurge Domine against Luther

    Papal Bull Exsurge Domine (Rise up, O Lord) issued on June 15, in which Martin Luther is threatened with excommunication if he does not recant in six months. Luther burns the bull in public on December 10.

  • 1520 Birth of Christopher Plantin (1520-1589)

    Christopher Plantin (1520-1589) was a French printer who in 1555 founds a bookstore and adjoining press at Antwerp.

  • 1521 Birth of Petrus Canisius (1521-1597)

    Petrus Canisius (1521-1597) was an influential Catholic reformer.

  • 1521 Melanchthons Loci communes appears in print

    Melanchthons Loci communes is the first dogmatic work of the reformation.

  • 1521 Henry VIII Defensor fidei

    Henry VIII of England defends the seven sacraments against Luther and receives the title Defensor fidei from the pope.

  • 1521 The first priests at Wittenberg are married

    The first priests at Wittenberg are married.

  • 1521 Diet of Worms

    Martin Luther ordered to appear at the Diet of Worms to renounce his writings, which he does not do: 'Here I stand, I can do no other'. He becomes an outlaw and heretic by the subsequent Edict of Worms and goes into hiding at the Wartburg.

  • 1522 The Reformation in Zurich

    Huldrych Zwingli introduces the Reformation into Zurich, Switzerland.

  • 1522 Pope Adrian VI elected

    Pope Adrian VI, the only Dutch pope, takes the initiative for internal reform of the Catholic church.

  • 1522 Religious radicalism in Wittenberg

    Religious radicalism in Wittenberg under the leadership of Andreas Karlstadt, including iconoclasm; Luther returns from the Wartburg.

  • 1522 Martin Luther translated the New Testament

    Martin Luther translated the New Testament into German.

  • 1522 Strict edicts in the Netherlands

    Strict edicts in the Netherlands against Protestants are not carried out by many magistrates.

  • 1523 John Calvin starts his studies

    John Calvin studies first at Paris and then Law at Orléans and Bourges. Later in Paris he followed the curriculum of the humanists and studies Hebrew, Greek, and Latin.

  • 1523 Reformation in Zurich

    Official beginning of the reformation in Zurich under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli.

  • 1523 The first martyrs of the reformation in Brussels

    The first martyrs of the reformation: Henry Voes and Jan van Essen are burned at the stake in Brussels as Lutheran heretics.

  • 1523 That Jesus Christ was born a Jew

    Luther publishes That Jesus Christ was born a Jew, in which he denounces the degrading treatment of the Jews by the church.

  • 1523 The New Testament in Dutch

    The German New Testament is translated into Dutch.

  • 1524 Appearance in print of Erasmus De libero arbitrio

    Appearance of Erasmus De libero arbitrio (On Free Will), in which he defended human responsibility against Luther.

  • 1524 The beginning of the Peasants' War in Germany

    The so-called Peasants' War  (1524-1525) in Germany begins. One referts to Luther's works.

  • 1524 The Regensburg Alliance

    The Regensburg Alliance (or Catholic League) against Lutheranism by the southern German princes is formed.

  • 1524 Death of Johannes von Staupitz

    Johannes von Staupitz (ca. 1460-1524), opponent of Martin Luther, dies.

  • 1524 Death of Henry van Zutphen

    Martyrdom of the reformation-minded Henry van Zutphen, the Netherlands.

  • 1525 The whole Bible is translated into Dutch

    The whole Bible is translated into Dutch.

  • 1525 Birth of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525-1594)

    Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525-1594), an Italian composer of catholic liturgical music.

  • 1525 The Anabaptists in Zurich

    The early Anabaptist movement is organized in Zurich.

  • 1525 Death of Frederick the Wise (1463-1525)

    Frederick the Wise (1463-1525) dies. He was an elector of Saxony; he was succeeded by John the Steadfast (or John the Constant), who continued the policy of Frederick in favor of Martin Luther and the Reformation.

  • 1525 Death of Thomas Muntzer (1490-1525)

    Death of Thomas Muntzer (1490-1525), radical German Protestant theologian, head of the so-called Peasants' War of 1525.

  • 1525 Death of Jan de Bakker

    Jan de Bakker, also known as Johannes Pistorius, dies as the first martyr in the northern Netherlands.

  • 1525 Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora

    Katharina von Bora (1499-1552), a former Catholic nun, marries Martin Luther in 1525. They have five children.

  • 1525 Appearance in print of Luther's De servo arbitrio

    Appearance of Luther's De servo arbitrio (On the Bondage of the Will), a response to Erasmus' De libero arbitrio (On Free Will) in 1524.

  • 1526 First Diet of Speyer

    First Diet of Speyer. The Reformation will rest until the next council, creation of separate state churches in Germany (Cuius regio, eius religio: whoever's region, his religion).

  • 1526 The Liesvelt Bible appears in print

    The Liesvelt Bible appears in print. It is the first full translation of the Bible into Dutch. The Bible was printed by the Antwerp printer Jacob of Liesvelt.

    Bijbelsdigitaal.nl about the Liesvelt Bible:
    'In Antwerp in 1526, a complete [Dutch] Bible translation appeared for the first time in the Netherlands, printed by Jacob Liesvelt. A particular feature of this Bible is that it was the first reformational [Dutch] Bible translation in the Netherlands, which as far as possible was based on Luther's Bible translation. The New Testament appeared from [Luther’s] hand in September 1522; a second printing followed in December of the same year. Beginning in 1523, Luther translated the Old Testament, but that was not completed until 1526. In the Liesvelt Bible, there is the text of the whole New Testament from Luther’s edition of December 1522, the Old Testament in the first edition used the parts of Luther’s Old Testament which were ready as well as the Vulgate and other translations. There were six editions of this Bible that appeared; in the edition of 1532, Luther’s new translations of the Old Testament were added. Liesvelt brought scarcely any changes to his editions. The sixth and last edition appeared in 1542. Because of the growing place of reformation notes, Liesvelt was arrested in 1545 and sentenced to death.'

    Translation: Refo500.

    

     

  • 1527 The Hymn "A Mighty Fortress"

    Somewhere between 1526-1528 Martin Luther rights the hymn 'A Mighty Fortress is our God'.

  • 1527 University of Marburg

    Founding of the first Protestant University at Marburg.

  • 1528 Martyrdom of Patrick Hamilton in Schotland

    Martyrdom of Patrick Hamilton in Scotland.

  • 1528 Death of Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)

    Albrecht Durer (Nuremberg 4/21/1471 - Nuremberg 4/6/1528), influential printmaker, artist and art theorist. Worked for, among others Elector Frederick the Wise.

  • 1529 The Marburg Colloquy

    The Marburg Colloquy between Martin Luther and Huldrych Zwingli on the Lord's Supper. No agreement is reached.

  • 1529 Appearance in print of the Wittenberg Chorgesangbuch

    Publication of the first Protestant church songbook: the Wittenberg Chorgesangbuch.

  • 1529 The Small Catechism and Large Catechism of Luther

    The Small Catechism and The Large Catechism of Luther. The Small Catechism is intended for the education of youth. Luther wrote the Large Catechism for ministers.

  • 1529 Second Diet of Speyer

    Second Diet of Speyer: Edict of Worms is reinstated, the birth of Protestantism (Protestation against the withdrawal of the Imperial Diet's decision of 1526).

  • 1530 Charles V (1500-1558) is anointed emperor

    Charles V (1500-1558) is anointed emperor by Pope Clement VII.

  • 1530 Diet of Augsburg

    Diet of Augsburg, the first since 1521 which the Emperor attends; The Augsburg Confession (Confessio Augustana), The Tetrapolitan Confession (or Swabian Confession or Strasburg Confession; Confessio Tetrapolitana) and Zwingli's Account of Faith (Fidei Ratio); Luther at Coburg.

  • 1531 Death of Huldrych Zwingli (1483-1531)

    Huldrych Zwingli (1483-1531) dies as a chaplain during the slaughter at Kappel. Heinrich Bullinger succeeds Zwingli at Zurich.

  • 1531 Birth of Peter Datheen (1531-1590)

    The minister Peter Datheen (1531-1590) translates the Genevan Psalter into Dutch. His psalm settings of 1566 are widely used, and is even now sung in some churches.

  • 1531 Death of Johannes Oecolampadius (1481-1531)

    Johannes Oecolampadius (1481-1531), Reformer, friend of Philipp Melanchthon.

  • 1531 The Schmalkaldic League

    The Schmalkaldic League forms for the joint opposition of the protestant princes against the threats of Emperor Charles V at the initiative of Martin Bucer.

  • 1531 Diet of Regensburg

    Diet of Regensburg; Protestant princes declare that they would only help defend the German empire against France and the Turks if protestantism is allowed in their regions.

  • 1532 Synod of Bern

    Synod of Bern.

  • 1532 The Peace of Nuremberg (Nurnberger Anstand)

    The Peace of Nuremberg (Nurnberger Anstand): The decisions of the Diet of 1530 are reversed, allowing the Reformation to spread unhindered.

  • 1533 John Calvin flees from Paris

    John Calvin writes the pro-Reformation speech of rector Nicolaas Cop in Paris. This speech caused a controversy and Calvin had to leave Paris.

  • 1533 Probable year of Lucas van Leyden's death

    Probable year of Lucas van Leyden's death (ca. 1494-1533), painter and Bible print-maker.

  • 1533 'New Jerusalem' of the Anabaptists in Munster

    The Anabaptist Jan Matthews establishes in Munster his own 'New Jerusalem',  which attracted many followers.

  • 1533 Birth of William of Orange (1533-1584)

    William of Orange, also known as William the Silent and William I, is born at Dillenburg. Iin 1559, he becomes the governor of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht, and fights for the freedom of religion.

  • 1534 John Calvin breaks with the Catholic church

    John Calvin breaks with the Catholic Church by renouncing his ecclesiastical revenues. He flees to Basel.

  • 1534 Ignatius of Loyola founds the Jesuit order

    Ignatius of Loyola founds the Jesuit order; the beginning of the Catholic reformation.

  • 1534 Old Testament translated into German

    The Old Testament translated into German.

  • 1534 Beginning of the English Reformation

    Beginning of the English Reformation and the establishment of the Anglican church.

  • 1534 The Kingdom of Anabaptists in Munster

    The Kingdom of Anabaptists in Munster (1534-1535) under the leadership of Jan Beukels of Leiden.

  • 1534 Death of Cardinal Cajetan

    Death of Cardinaal Cajetan, opponent of Martin Luther including during the Religious Colloquy at Augsburg.

  • 1534 The Confession of Basel

    The Confession of Basel.

  • 1535 First Bible in French

    First protestant Bible printed in French by Olivetan, John Calvin writes the foreword.

  • 1535 Anabaptists at Amsterdam

    Anabaptists at Amsterdam.

  • 1535 End of the Kingdom of Anabaptists in Munster

    The bishop of Munster takes over the city and puts an end to the kingdom of the Anabaptists. Jan Beukels is executed.

  • 1535 The Anabaptists run naked in Amsterdam.

    Anabaptists run naked in Amsterdam.

  • 1536 First Helvetic Confession

    The First Helvetic Confession of Bullinger, Myconius and Bucer (Confessio Helvetica Prior).

  • 1536 Beginning of the Council in Mantua

    Beginning of the Council in Mantua, which will last through 1537. The Council in Mantua is the last Council before the Council of Trent which begins in 1545.

  • 1536 First edition of Calvin's Institutes

    First edition of Calvin's Institutes. Calvin is a preacher and teacher at Geneva.

  • 1536 Wittenberg Concord

    The Wittenberg Concord is composed, an agreement between Martin Luther and the southern German Reformers, notably Bucer and Capito.

  • 1536 John Calvin comes to Geneva

    In May, Geneva goes over to the Reformation; in July of that year, Calvin comes to Geneva to help carry on the Reformation.

  • 1536 The English Bible translator Tyndale dies as a martyr

    The English bible translator Tyndale (ca. 1494-1536) dies as a martyr Vilvoorde.

  • 1536 Death of Desiderius Erasmus (ca. 1466-1536)

    Death of Desiderius Erasmus (ca. 1466-1536), theologian, biblical humanist, and writer born in Gouda.

  • 1537 The Schmalkaldic Articles

    The Schmalkaldic Articles, a brief confession of the Lutheran side.

  • 1538 John Calvin to Basel and Strasbourg

    The city council sends Calvin away from Geneva because of a conflict over admission to the Lord's Supper. First, he goes briefly to Basel, and afterwards he settled in Strasbourg until 1541.

  • 1539 The first version of the Genevan Psalter in print

    Calvin wants congregants singing psalms in the service. Therefore, he commits himself to translating a psalter into the French language. The first version of what would become the Genevan Psalter appears in print in Strasbourg.

  • 1539 Calvin's letter to Cardinal Sadoleto

    In Strasbourg, Calvin wrote his famous latter to Cardinal Sadoleto; it stresses the unity of the Church, as expressed in preaching and the sacraments.

  • 1539 Truce of Frankfurt; Peace of Nuremberg confirmed

    Truce of Frankfurt; The Peace of Nuremberg confirmed.

  • 1540 Beginning of the Imperial Colloquy at Worms

    From 1540-1541 The Imperial Religious Colloquy is held in Worms in an attempt to resolve the religious conflicts.

  • 1540 Calvin marries Idelette de Bure

    John Calvin marries Idelette de Bure, a widow from the southern Netherlands.

  • 1540 An amended version of the Augsburg Confession

    The Augsburg Confession is amended.

  • 1540 The Imperial Religious Colloquy at Hagenau

    Imperial Religious Colloquy between Catholics and Protestants at Hagenau yields no results.

  • 1541 Death of Andreas von Karlstadt (1486-1541)

    Andreas von Karlstadt (1486-1541) was a reformer and supporter of Martin Luther.

  • 1541 Birth of Menso Alting (1541-1612)

    Menso Alting (Eelde 1541-Emden 1612), as a minister has great influence on the introduction of the reform in the northern Netherlands.

  • 1541 First Imperial Religious Colloquy at Regensburg

    First Imperial Religious Colloquy between Catholics and Protestants at Regensburg.

  • 1541 John Calvin returns to Geneva

    John Calvin returns to Geneva; his Ordonnances ecclésiastiques appears in print.

  • 1541 Diet of Regensburg

    Diet of Regensburg: Philipp of Hesse, who lives in bigamy, must make concessions to the emperor.

  • 1541 Death of Wolfgang Capito (1478-1541)

    Wolfgang Capito (1478-1541), reformer, colleague of Martin Bucer.

  • 1542 Inquisition

    Pope Paul III establishes the Sacra Congregatio Romana et Universalis Inquisitionis seu Sancti Offici, or what is also called the Inquisition.

  • 1542 The Diet of Speyer begins

    1542-1544 Diet of Spiers: The Emperor needs the help of the Protestant princes against the Turks.

  • 1542 Last version Liesvelt Bible appears

    The last version of the Liesvelt Bible appears. It is the first full translation of the Bible into Dutch. The Bible was printed by the Antwerp printer Jacob of Liesvelt.

    Bijbelsdigitaal.nl about the Liesvelt Bible:
    'In Antwerp in 1526, a complete [Dutch] Bible translation appeared for the first time in the Netherlands, printed by Jacob Liesvelt. A particular feature of this Bible is that it was the first reformational [Dutch] Bible translation in the Netherlands, which as far as possible was based on Luther's Bible translation. The New Testament appeared from [Luther’s] hand in September 1522; a second printing followed in December of the same year. Beginning in 1523, Luther translated the Old Testament, but that was not completed until 1526. In the Liesvelt Bible, there is the text of the whole New Testament from Luther’s edition of December 1522, the Old Testament in the first edition used the parts of Luther’s Old Testament which were ready as well as the Vulgate and other translations. There were six editions of this Bible that appeared; in the edition of 1532, Luther’s new translations of the Old Testament were added. Liesvelt brought scarcely any changes to his editions. The sixth and last edition appeared in 1542. Because of the growing place of reformation notes, Liesvelt was arrested in 1545 and sentenced to death.'

    Translation: Refo500.

    

  • 1543 Death of Johann Eck (1486-1543)

    Johann Eck (1486-1543), Catholic theologian and opponent of Martin Luther.

  • 1543 Concerning the Jews and their lies

    Martin Luther publishes Concerning the Jews and their lies.

  • 1543 A Brussels placard

    A Brussels placard describes pastors as 'unlearned men and incompetent spiritual caretakers'.

  • 1543 Publication of Copernicus' De revolutionibus

    The publication of Copernicus' De revolutionibus (a heliocentric worldview); Copernicus died soon after the publication.

  • 1544 Protestant refugee communities

    In this year communities of Protestant refugees are founded in Aken, Wezel, Frankfurt, Emden, and London.

• 1544-1571

  • 1545 Birth of Franciscus Junius (1545-1602)

    Franciscus Junius (François du Jon, 1545-1602), student of Calvin, Reformed theologian, hebraicist, biblical commentator, and bible translator with Immanuel Tremellius, labors in Germany at Heidelberg and Neustadt as well as in the Netherlands at Leiden.

  • 1545 Birth of Johannes Fontanus (1545-1615)

    Johannes Fontanus (1545-1615), Reformer of Gelderland (Netherlands).

  • 1545 Beginning of the Council of Trent

    Council of Trent (1545-1563) (Concilium Tridentinum), convened by Pope Paul III.

  • 1545 Death of Georg Spalatinus (1484-1545)

    Georg Spalatinus (aka Georg Burkhardt, 1484-1545) secretary of the Elector and one of Luther's best friends

  • 1545 Death of Jacob of Liesvelt

    Jacob of Liesvelt, a well-known printer of Bibles in Antwerp, dies as a martyr.

  • 1545 The Genevan Catechism of John Calvin

    Publication of John Calvin's Genevan Catechism.

  • 1546 Second Imperial Religious Colloquy at Regensburg

    Second Diet of Speyer: Edict of Worms is reinstated, the birth Second Imperial Religious Colloquy at Regensburg.

  • 1546 Schmalkaldic War (1546-1547)

    Schmalkaldic War (1546-1547): the first religious war in Germany, the alliance of Maurice of Saxony with Emperor Charles V places southern Germany in the hands of the emperor.

  • 1546 Imperial condemnation of Philipp I of Hesse en John Fre

    Imperial condemnation of two leaders of the Schmalkaldic League: Philipp of Hesse and John Frederick of Saxony.

  • 1546 Death of George Wishart (ca. 1513-1546)

    George Wishart (ca. 1513-1546) dies in Scotland as a martyr.

  • 1546 Death of Martin Luther (1483-1546)

    Martin Luther (1483-1546) dies in his birthplace of Eisleben, while in the middle of a discussion. He is buried at the castle church of Wittenberg.

  • 1547 Death of Henry VIII (1491-1547)

    Death of Henry VIII (1491-1547), king of England during the beginning of the English Renaissance and Reformation (1509-1547).

  • 1547 Diet of Augsburg 1547-1548

    Diet of Augsburg 1547-1548: the Augsburg Interim, threatened to "re-catholicize" the Reformation, an accommodation of Catholicism with exceptions (the cup in the Lord's Supper is permitted to the laity as well as the marriage priests until the next council, but with Catholic doctrines and practice), many ministers flee, Bucer departs for England.

  • 1548 Formula reformationis

    The Formula of Reformation (Formula reformationis) is issued by Emperor Charles V as a general decree of reform of church life.

  • 1548 Louvain Bible

    In the first half of the sixteenth century the arrival of a new bible translation which bore the unmistakable influence of Luther’s work was of great concern to the Mother Church. Counteracting the printing of such bibles proved impossible. They realized that the reform could not be served better than to withhold the bible to the people. It was recognized that the best means was to render a good bible translation themselves. In 1548 an authorized translation appeared in Louvain—from which the name of the Louvain Bible—made by Nicolaas van Winghe and the ecclesiastical authorities. Van Winghe had employed the text of the Vulgate. Insodoing he followed the decision of the Council of Trent regarding bible translation, which ruled that the text of the Vulgate was the only recognized text. Afterwards in 1592, the definitive text of the Vulgate was established, van Winghe’s translation was superceded and in 1599 there appeared the Moerentorf bible, named for the printer Jan Moerentorf at Antwerp. Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, this latter bible was employed as a standard translation for Roman Catholic bible readers.
    
    

    Source: Bijbelsdigitaal.nl

  • 1549 Book of Common Prayer

    The Book of Common Prayer (by Cranmer, Lutheran in spirit - later changed).

  • 1549 The Consensus of Zurich (Consensus Tigurinus)

    The Consensus of Zurich (Consensus Tigurinus): an agreement between Geneva and Zurich on the Lord's Supper for the Reformed churches in Switzerland to close ranks

  • 1550 Protestant League of Germany

    The Protestant League (1550-1551) of Germany, under the leadership of Maurice of Saxony.

  • 1551 Death of Martin Bucer (1491-1551)

    Martin Bucer (1491-1551), reformer of Strasbourg.

  • 1552 Death of Andreas Osiander (1498-1552)

    Death of Andreas Osiander (1498-1552), Lutheran theologian.

  • 1552 Death of Katharina von Bora (1492-1552)

    Katharina von Bora (1492-1552), a former nun, wife of Martin Luther.

  • 1552 English 42 Articles

    English 42 Articles, a confession which is compiled by Thomas Cranmer.

  • 1553 400th anniversary of the death of Bernard of Clairvaux

    400th anniversary of the death of Bernard of Clairvaux, abbot of a monastery of the Cistercian order, by whom Luther and Calvin were inspired.

  • 1553 Trial in Geneva against Michael Servet

    Michael Servetus denied the Trinity and is burned at the stake in Geneva. John Calvin is involved in the trial.

  • 1555 Philips II (1527-1598) becomes ruler of the Netherlands

    The son of Emperor Charles V, Philip II (1527-1598), becomes ruler of the Netherlands.

  • 1555 First Dutch speaking calvinistic congregation in Antwer

    In Antwerp, the first Dutch speaking Calvinist congregation of the Netherlands is founded.

  • 1555 Death of Justus Jonas (1493-1555)

    Justus Jonas (1493-1555), German reformer.

  • 1555 The Catechism of Canisius appears in print

    The Catechism of Petrus Canisius is an important catechism in the Catholic Church.

  • 1555 The Religious Peace of Augsburg

    The Religious Peace of Augsburg: cuius regio, illius religio 'whoever's region, his religion: the ruler decides the religion in his region).

  • 1555 Geneva chooses a pro-Calvin policy

    Calvin's supporters obtain a majority on the city council.

  • 1556 Death of Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)

    Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556), founder of the Jesuits.

  • 1557 The Imperial Religious Colloquy at Worms

    The Imperial Religious Colloquy at Worms, which includes the presence of Petrus Caniusius and Philipp Melanchthon.

  • 1557 Covenant of the nobility in Scotland

    The Covenant, an alliance of the Scotch nobility against the attempts of Mary of Guise, queen of Scots, to restore the Catholic religion.

  • 1558 Elizabeth I becomes Queen of England

    Elizabeth I becomes queen of England and reigns until 1603.

  • 1558 Death of Emperor Charles V (1500-1558)

    Emperor Charles V (1500-1558) dies, Ferdinand elected Emperor.

  • 1558 Death of Johannes Bugenhagen (1485-1558)

    Johannes Bugenhagen (1485-1558) was the confessor of Martin Luther.

  • 1558 Birth of William Perkins

    William Perkins (1558-1602), scholar and preacher, onte of the most popular theologians of the Elizabethan age. He is the father of Puritanism.

  • 1559 Book of Martyrs

    Adriaan van Haemstede, minister of the Dutch Church of Antwerp publishes his Book of Martyrs (Martelaarsboek).

  • 1559 First French National Synod at Paris

    First French National Synod at Paris; The Confessio Gallicana and the French Church Order.

  • 1559 Margaret of Parma becomes regent of the Netherlands

    Margaret of Parma (1522-1586) becomes regent of the Netherlands from 1559 until 1567. After the presentation of the petition of the nobles, she granted a number of concessions which led to the rapid expansion of Calvinism.

  • 1559 Probable birth of Jacob Arminius (ca. 1559-1609).

    Jacob Arminius (Oudewater ca. 1559 - Leiden 1609). Minister and professor. Comes in conflict with Franciscus Gomarus over predestination.

  • 1559 William of Orange becomes governor of Holland, Zeeland

    In 1559, William of Orange is appointed governor of Holland, Zeeland, and Utrecht by Philip II.

  • 1559 Nine new dioceses in the Catholic Church

    Pope Paul IV (1476-1559) establishes nine new dioceses in the Netherlands, for greater control of the religious life.

  • 1559 The Academy of Geneva founded

    Geneva Academy founded; Theodorus Beza becomes the rector. Many from all over Europe come here to study theology.

  • 1559 John Knox returns to Scotland

    John Knox returns to Scotland; Reformation continued.

  • 1559 Definitive version of Calvin's Institute

    The fourth version of Calvin's Institutes appears in print. He is only satisfied with the 1559.

  • 1560 The appearance of the Biestken Bible in print

    Biestken Bible, a Dutch adaptation of the Luther Bible, which was utilized by Lutherans and Baptists for a long time.

  • 1560 Death of Johannes a Lasco (1499-1560)

    Johannes a Lasco (1499-1560), Polish nobleman and theologian of great significance for the Reformation.

  • 1560 Death of Philipp Melachthon (1497-1560)

    Philipp Melanchthon (Bretten 1497-Wittenberg 1560), humanist and reformer, colleague of Martin Luther at Wittenberg.

  • 1560 Frederick III becomes Reformed

    Frederick III is Elector of the Palatinate from 1556 until 1576, whose capital is the city of Heidelberg. In 1560 he becomes reformed.

  • 1561 Colloquy at Poissy

    In 1561, a Religious Colloquy was held at Poissy, France. Catharina de Medici attempts in vain to bring a reconciliation between Protestant and Catholics.

  • 1561 The Belgic Confession appears

    The Belgic Confession, prepared by Guido de Brès, appears. He threw a copy of the book over the wall of the citadel of Tournai to insure that it would come into the hands of the king.

  • 1561 Death of Menno Simons (1496-1561)

    Menno Simons (1496-1561), Dutch reformer. Leader of the Anabaptist movement in the Netherlands.

  • 1562 Deux-Aesbijbel published in Emden

    The protestants in the Dutch Refugee church at Emden ensure that there is a Dutch Bible that comes from the texts of Scripture in the original languages. Until the appearance of the Statenvertaling Bible in 1637, this Deux-Aes Bible is widely used.

    

  • 1562 Genevan Psalter completed

    In 1562 the Genevan Psalter appears in print: a complete songbook of all 150 psalms in the French language, versified, and set to music.

  • 1562 Refugee Church at Frankenthal

    In Frankenthal, a Dutch refugee church is established.

  • 1562 Death of Adriaan van Haemstede (ca. 1525-1562)

    Adriaan van Haemstede, minister of the Dutch Church of Antwerp, author of The Book of Martyrs (Het Martelaarsboek), is condemned to be burnt at the stake and dies as a martyr.

  • 1562 Death of Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499-1562)

    Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499-1562), Italian Reformer.

  • 1563 Birth of Franciscus Gomarus

    Birth of Franciscus Gomarus (1563-1641), theologian and leader of the contra-Remonstrants.

  • 1563 Conclusion of the Council of Trent

    The Council of Trent is significant as a reaction to the Reformation (The Counter-Reformation), and results in the beginning of the renewal of the Catholic Church.

  • 1563 Heidelberg Catechism appears in print

    Frederick III of the Palatinate had commissioned the drafting of the Heidelberg Catechism. In 1563, the written confession is published with 129 questions and answers, and becomes an enormous success, such that by 1585 it had appeared in 60 editions. The Dutch version was first published in 1566.

  • 1563 English Thirty-Nine Articles

    The English Thirty-nine Articles become the official confession of the Anglican church.

  • 1564 Birth of William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

    William Shakespeare (1564-1616), famous English playwright and poet.

  • 1564 Death of John Calvin (1509-1564)

    John Calvin (1509-1564) dies. He was a Reformer at Geneva and has been influential in the Netherlands, Europe, and America.

  • 1564 Birth of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

    Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher.

  • 1565 Publication of La racine, source et fondement des anaba

    Publication of La racine, source et fondement des anabaptistes by Guy De Brès. In 1589 it is published in Dutch as De Wortel, den Oorspronck, ende het Fundament der Wederdoopers.

  • 1565 Death of Guillaume Farel (1489-1565)

    Death of Guillaume Farel (1489-1565), minister at Geneva and friend of John Calvin.

  • 1566 Iconoclasm in the Netherlands

    Iconoclasm in the Netherlands, intended to make church services suitable for Protestant worship, which many of the rioters participated in.

  • 1566 Second Helvetic Confession

    The Second Helvetic Confession (Confessio Helvetica posterior), a Swiss-authored confession, appears.

  • 1566 Death of Johannes Agricola

    Johannes Agricola (1494—-1566), humanist and Reformer.

  • 1566 A 'Wonderyear' in the Netherlands

    The petition of the nobles, hedge sermons sometimes with thousands of listeners. The first hedge sermon was just outside the village of Horn with an audience of 4000.

  • 1566 Dutch Psalter

    Peter Datheen (1531-1588) translates the Genevan Psalter into Dutch.

  • 1567 Governor Duke of Alva comes to the Netherlands

    Duke of Alva, also called the Iron Duke, succeeds Margaret of Parma as the Governor of the Netherlands. In Brussels he established the Council of Troubles, also known as 'The Blood Council'.

  • 1567 Death of Guy De Brès

    Guy De Brès (1522-1567), theologian and author of the Belgic Confession dies as a martyr at Valenciennes.

  • 1568 Start of the Eighty Years War

    The expedition from Dillenburg which William of Orange organized against William of Orange is considered as the start of the Eighty Years War. This war will last until 1648.

  • 1568 Convent of Wezel

    The Convent of Wezel in 1568 is the first planned meeting to organize a free Reformed Church in the Netherlands. It is not certain whether that meeting took place.

  • 1571 Synod of Emden

    Synod of Emden, 1571. Meeting of municipalities in the Netherlands and refugee churches. The first national synod determined the foundation and structure of the Dutch Protestant Church.

  • 1571 100th anniversary of the death of Thomas a Kempis

    Thomas a Kempis (1379/1380-1471), representative of the so-called modern devotion, found in his famous writing The Imitation of Christ.

• 1571-1598

  • 1572 Death of John Knox

    John Knox (1505, 1513 or 1514-1572) was a Reformer in Scotland.

  • 1572 Catholic priests murdered

    At various places in the Netherlands, Catholic priests are murdered.

  • 1572 The Sea Beggars in Den Briel

    The Sea Beggars (Dutch: Watergeuzen) led by Bloys van Treslong capture Den Briel in what is seen as the beginning of the revolt in the Netherlands against the Spanish.

  • 1572 Martyrs of Gorcum

    19 Catholics are killed in Den Briel.

  • 1572 St. Bartholomew's Eve in France

    During the St. Bartholomew's Eve Massacre (August 23-24, 1572) thousands of Protestants are killed across France.

  • 1573 Siege of Leiden

    In 1572, the city sided with William of Orange. As a result, Leiden was beseiged in 1573 and 1574 by the Spaniards, in 1574 the city was relieved (liberated).

  • 1573 William of Orange celebrates the Lord's Supper

    In taking the Lord's Supper at Dordrecht, William of Orange publicly chooses the Reformed religion.

  • 1574 Death of Albertus Rizaeus Hardenberg (1510-1574)

    Death of Albertus Rizaeus Hardenberg (1510-1574), minister who dedicated himself to the spreading of the Reformation, including Leuven and Emden, friend of Johannes a Lasco.

  • 1574 First Provincial Synod of Dordrecht

    First provincial Synod of the Reformed Church of Holland and Zeeland. The use of the Heidelberg Catechism is prescribed in the church and in education.

  • 1575 Founding of the University of Leiden

    Prince William of Orange gives Leiden a university, after the city was liberated from the Spaniards. The University of Leiden is the first in the Netherlands.

  • 1575 Death of Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575)

    Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575), Swiss reformer at Zurich. He was later quite influential in the Netherlands with his Huys-boeck, a collection of sermons.

  • 1576 Pacification of Ghent

    Pacification of Ghent: The Spanish troops of Philip II have to leave the Netherlands. Prince William of Orange becomes governor.

  • 1577 Birth of Jacob Cats (1577-1660)

    Jacob Cats (1577-1660), Dutch statesmen and poet, calvinist.

  • 1577 Formula of Concord, Lutheran confession

    Formula of Concord (Formula Concordiae), written to bridge the internal contradictions among Lutherans.

  • 1578 The Alteration in Amsterdam

    The Alteration in Amsterdam. The Catholic city government is deposed, Catholic churches were now in the possession of Protestants.

  • 1578 Second National Synod of Dordrecht

    National Synod of the Reformed Church in the Netherlands. The duties of consistories and other ecclesiastical provisions are recorded.

  • 1579 Union of Utrecht

    As a reaction to the Union of Arras, the northern Netherlands conclude the Union of Utrecht. The separation of the northern and southern Netherlands is now a fact.

  • 1579 Union of Arras

    The Union of Arras: the southern Netherlands are returned to Spain during the reign of Philip II.

  • 1580 Dutch version of the Genevan Psalter

    Philips van Marnix, Lord of St. Aldegonde (1540-1598) provides a Dutch setting of the Genevan Psalter. The National Synod of Dordrecht (1618/1619) prefers the setting of Peter Datheen.

  • 1580 Catholic religion banned in the Netherlands

    The States-General forbids the exercise of the Catholic religion in all Dutch provinces.

  • 1580 Appearance in print of the Book of Concord

    The Lutheran Book of Concord includes the three older religious confessions, the Augsburg Confession and Apology, The Schmalkaldic Articles, The Large and Small Catechism, and the Formula of Concord.

  • 1581 Edict of Abjuration

    Edict of Abjuration: some Dutch provinces declare independence from the Spanish King Philip II.

  • 1581 Third National Synod of Middelburg

    The National Synod of Middelburg of the Reformed Church in the Netherlands, strengthens the line of the orthodox Reformed.

  • 1582 Death of Theresa of Avila (1515-1582)

    Theresa of Avila (1515-1582) was a famous mystic among the Catholic saints.

  • 1583 Birth of Hugo Grotius

    Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), a jurist in the Dutch Republic.

  • 1584 William of Orange (1533-1584) assassinated

    On July 10, 1584, Balthasar Gerards shoots and kills William of Orange in the prince's court at Delft.

  • 1585 Rebuilding of Catholic ecclesiastical life in the Nethe

    From this year and afterwards, the Catholic ecclesiastical life was rebuilt in the southern Netherlands.

  • 1585 Birth of Cornelius Jansen (1585-1638)

    Cornelius Jansen (1585-1638) is a Catholic theologian whose doctrine of grace follows the church father Augustine, wanted to bring more attention to Augustine's views.

  • 1586 Birth of Dirk Raphaëlsz Camphuysen

    Dirk Raphaëlsz Camphuysen (1586-1627), poet and Remonstrant preacher. His poetry emphasizes Christian sobriety, virtue, and godliness.

  • 1586 Fourth National Synod at The Hague

    The National Synod of the Reformed Church in the Netherlands at The Hague decided to include church visitation and increasing the number of liturgical forms.

  • 1587 Lutheran community at Amsterdam

    Formation of the Lutheran church at Amsterdam; their gatherings were banned in 1595, but they continued meeting semi-secret.

  • 1588 The Spanish Armada

    The Spanish Armada, 'the invincible fleet' of King Philip II, makes an unsuccessful attempt to invade England.

  • 1589 Death of Christophe Plantin (1520-1589)

    Christophe Plantin (1520-1589) was a French printer, who in 1555 at Antwerp founded a publishing house and an adjoining book store.

  • 1590 Death of Peter Datheen (1531-1590)

    The minister Peter Datheen (1531-1590) translated the Genevan Psalter into Dutch. His psalm settings from 1566 was widely used and is even now sung in some churches in the Netherlands.

  • 1590 Death of Hieronymus Zanchius (1516-1590)

    Hieronymus Zanchius (1516-1590) was an Italian reformer.

  • 1593 Henry IV of France becomes Roman Catholic again

    Henry IV of France becomes Roman Catholic again: 'Paris is worth a mass'.

  • 1594 Death of van Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

    Death of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525-1594), Italian composer of Catholic liturgical music.

  • 1594 Birth of Gustav Adolf II of Sweden (1594-1632)

    Gustav Adolf II (1594-1632) of Sweden plays an important role in the Thirty Years War in which he is on the Protestant side.

  • 1597 Birth of Pieter Janszoon Saenredam (1597-1665)

    Pieter Janszoon Saenredam (1597-1665) was a famous painter of church buildings.

  • 1597 Death of Petrus Canisius (1521-1597)

    Petrus Canisius (1521-1597) was an influential Catholic reformer. In 1555, his catechism of Canisius was published.

  • 1598 Edict of Nantes

    Edict of Nantes: French Catholics and Protestants have equal rights.

  • 1598 100th anniversary of the death of Girolama Savonarola

    Girolama Savonarola (1452-1498) was a priest and is considered a forerunner of the Reformation.

• 1598-1618

  • 1602 Death of Franciscus Junius (1545-1602)

    Death of Franciscus Junius (1545-1602), student of Calvin, Reformed theologian, hebraicist, biblical commentator, and bible translator with Immanuel Tremellius, labors in Germany at Heidelberg and Neustadt as well as in the Netherlands at Leiden.

  • 1602 Foundation of the East India Company

    The East India Company in the Netherlands is a private trading company and a maritime state with many settlements.

  • 1602 Death of William Perkins

    William Perkins (1558-1602), scholar and preacher, one of the most popular theologians of the Elizabethan age. He is the father of Puritanism.

  • 1603 Birth of Johannes Coccejus (1603-1669)

    Birth of Johannes Coccejus (1603-1669), covenant theologian.

  • 1603 Publication Politica by Johannes Althusius

    Johannes Althusius (1557-1638), a Reformational political thinker, writes a book on politics.

  • 1605 Death of Theodore Beza (1519-1605)

    Theodore Beza (1519-1605), reformer, friend and follower of John Calvin. Arranged many psalms French.

  • 1606 Birth of Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669)

    Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669), genius painter, printmaker, and illustrator.

  • 1607 Birth of Paul Gerhardt (1607-1676)

    Paul Gerhardt (1607-1676), German minister, writer of spiritual songs.

  • 1607 Birth of Anna Maria van Schurman (1607-1678)

    Anna Maria van Schurman (1607-1678), first female theology student at the University of Utrecht, the Netherlands.

  • 1608 English Separatists flee to the Dutch Republic

    English separatists flee to the Dutch Republic.

  • 1609 Death of Jacobus Arminius (ca. 1559-1609)

    Jacobus Arminius (Oudewater ca. 1559 - Leiden 1609). Minister and professor, came into conflict with Franciscus Gomarus over predestination.

  • 1609 Beginning of the Twelve Year Truce

    The Twelve Year Truce (1609-1621) was a period of peace during the Eighty Years War.

  • 1610 The Remonstrants

    Followers of Arminius compose a Remonstrance, from which they are named.

  • 1611 The Counter-Remonstrants

    Followers of the views of Gomarus compose a Contra-Remonstrance, from which they are named.

  • 1611 King James translation of the Bible

    The King James translation of the Bible appears in print in English.

  • 1612 Death of Menso Alting (1541-1612)

    Menso Alting (Eelde 1541-Emden 1612), as a minister, had great influence in implementing the reform in the northern Netherlands.

  • 1614 Founding of the University of Groningen

    Founding of the University of Groningen. The first rector is Ubbo Emmius.

  • 1614 First edition of the Rituale Romanum

    The first edition of Rituale Romanum appears in print, it is a book of the liturgies in the Catholic Church.

  • 1615 Death of Johannes Fontanus (1545-1615)

    Johannes Fontanus (1545-1615), reformer of Gelderland, the Netherlands.

  • 1617 The training of priests at Den Bosch

    Bishop Nicolas Zoesius (1564-1625) opens his own seminary in Den Bosch.

  • 1618 Book of Sports appears in print in England

    In England, by order of King James I The Book of Sports is printed against the Puritan celebration of the Lord's Day. For example, dancing and archery were no longer forbidden on Sunday.

  • 1618 Beginning of the Thirty Years War

    The Thirty Year War begins in 1618 and ends in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia.

  • 1618 Beginning of the National Synod at Dordrecht

    National Synod of the Reformed Church at Dordrecht (1618-1619), Netherlands. Decision for the Statenvertaling translation of the Bible. Canons of Dort against the remonstrat views on the doctrine of predestination.